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![]() ![]() During the period of 1963 to 1968, the ISO draft standards supported the use of either CR LF or LF alone as a newline, while the ASA drafts supported only CR LF. The separation of newline into two functions concealed the fact that the print head could not return from the far right to the beginning of the next line in time to print the next character. Any character printed after a CR would often print as a smudge in the middle of the page while the print head was still moving the carriage back to the first position. The solution was to make the newline two characters: CR to move the carriage to column one, and LF to move the paper up. In fact, it was often necessary to send extra charactersextraneous CRs or NULswhich are ignored but give the print head time to move to the left margin. Many early video displays also required multiple character times to scroll the display. Therefore, text was routinely composed to satisfy the needs of Teletype machines. ![]() From there MS-DOS (1981) adopted CPMs CR LF in order to be compatible, and this convention was inherited by Microsofts later Windows operating system. After Effect Error Could Not Convert Unicode Characters Driver To TranslateMultics used a device driver to translate this character to whatever sequence a printer needed (including extra padding characters), and the single byte was more convenient for programming. What seems like a more obvious citation needed choice CR was not used, as CR provided the useful function of overprinting one line with another to create boldface and strikethrough effects. Perhaps more importantly, the use of LF alone as a line terminator had already been incorporated into drafts of the eventual ISOIEC 646 standard. Unix followed the Multics practice, and later Unix-like systems followed Unix. This created conflicts between Windows and Unix-like OSes, whereby files composed on one OS cannot be properly formatted or interpreted by another OS (for example a UNIX shell script written in a Windows text editor like Notepad ). In the physical media of typewriters and printers, two axes of motion, down and across, are needed to create a new line on the page. Although the design of a machine (typewriter or printer) must consider them separately, the abstract logic of software can combine them together as one event. This is why a newline in character encoding can be defined as CR and LF combined into one (commonly called CRLF or CRLF ). EBCDIC, for example, provides an NL character code in addition to the CR and LF codes. Unicode, in addition to providing the ASCII CR and LF control codes, also provides a next line ( NEL ) control code, as well as control codes for line separator and paragraph separator markers. The equivalent Unicode character ( 0x85 ) is called NEL (Next Line).
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